Use of a population model to assess the impact of longline fishing on wandering albatross Diomedea exulans populations

An age-structured model of a wandering albatross Diomedea exulans population is developed to stimulate population trends over time, using demographic parameters from the population at Possession Island, Crozets, during 1968–1986. The simulation results portray a population decreasing at a rate of 2·29% per year, which concurs with global population trends. Sensitivity analyses of model parameters indicate that both adult and juvenile mortality are contributing to the decrease. Wandering albatross mortality is presumed to have increased as a result of deaths caused by longline fishing vessels; such deaths are likely to be relatively more frequent among young, naive birds. The model is used to investigate the potential impacts of new longline fisheries such as that for Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides in Antarctica. Assuming longline fishing operations affect juveniles more than adults, there is a time lag of 5–10 years before further decreases in population numbers are reflected in the breeding population. Also, because wandering albatrosses are long-lived, population growth rates take approximately 30–50 years to stabilize after a perturbation. Consequently, caution must be exercised when interpreting population trends; short-term (<20 year) estimates may not provide good indications of long-term trends.     

黄河流域陕西片土壤侵蚀预报模型研究

以气候、地质、地形、植被及人类活动 5类因素中的 6个因子为预报因子 ,以陕西黄河流域水蚀区内 5大类型区中 3 3条小流域的实验观测资料和实地调查资料及有关科研单位的研究成果为基础 ,建立了适用于该区域的土壤侵蚀预报模型。据运用该模型对本区域内 4条小流域水土保持遥感普查成果和建模所用 3 3条小流域土壤侵蚀模数进行验证 ,证明该模型具有较高的精度 ,可以在陕西黄河流域水蚀区及条件相近的其他地区推广应用     

灌区土壤盐分空间变异及多因素响应关系

[目的]研究土壤含盐量空间特征和分布格局,分析土壤盐分空间格局与地下水、土壤物理特性参数间的空间响应关系,为灌区盐渍化防控提供理论依据。[方法]以黄河南岸灌区吉格斯太灌域为例,网格化布点,分层采样测定土壤含盐量、表层土壤含水量、颗粒组成、干容重并换算热容量及导热率,同步监测地下水埋深及含盐量,采用经典统计方法和地统计方法分析土壤含盐量空间分布特征及其与物理特性和地下水等因素间的空间相关性。[结果]灌域处于非盐化—轻度盐化状态,土壤含盐量呈中等空间变异程度,总体呈现相对独立的随机分布,空间结构特征可以用高斯模型和指数模型描述。土壤含盐量与地下水埋深呈显著负相关,与地下水含盐量呈显著正相关,地下水埋深1.6 m区域发生轻度盐渍化风险较高。0—20 cm土壤含盐量与黏粒含量、容重、含水量、导热率及热容量显著空间正相关,相关范围约2～6 km;与砂粒含量呈显著空间负相关,相关范围约2～4 km。20—60 cm土壤盐分与0—20 cm土壤黏粒、砂粒含量、导热率、热容量及含水量呈显著相关,相关范围与土壤表层略有差异。[结论]黏粒含量较高,含水率较大,地下水埋深1.6 m的区域是灌域盐渍化防控的重点区域。     

高速公路弃土场的水土流失监测及其生态治理

高速公路弃土场边坡的生态治理是公路建设环境保护的重要内容。在京珠高速公路粤境南段弃土场开展水土流失监测研究,探讨了弃土场的水土流失及其生态治理的水土保持效果。结果表明,弃土场水土流失剧烈,侵蚀模数平均为3.24×10^4t/（km^2·a）,边坡沟蚀现象明显。采用香根草（Vetiveria zizaniodes）生态护坡技术治理弃土场边坡水土流失,水土保持效果显著,坡面土壤流失量比对照小区减少92.24%,边坡稳定,在一定程度上可代替浆砌片石骨架植草护坡措施。因此,高速公路弃土场的水土流失生态治理可大力推广应用香根草生态护坡技术。     

MODIS遥感影像的几何精校正--以阿勒泰地区为例

遥感资料的准备和处理是遥感技术在实际应用中的核心工作,几何精校正是利用地面控制点(GCP)对遥感影像进行的几何校正。研究在对阿勒泰地区草地监测时用ERDAS IMAGINE软件对MODIS资料进行几何精校正,主要对相关模型参数设置、控制点输入和几何精校正作了探讨。结果表明:影响几何精校正的因素,主要表现在GCP的数量、分布和定位精度及校正方法和重采样方法。     

沪蓉西高速公路弃土场渣体侵蚀特征——以宜(昌)至长(阳)段为例

随着我国高速公路的迅速发展，由此形成的水土流失已成为突出的环境问题。为探讨高速公路建设期间弃土场渣体侵蚀规律，在沪蓉西高速公路宜长段Ⅰ标区弃土场布设观测小区进行定位观测和分析研究。结果表明：（1）降雨量与弃土场渣体侵蚀量呈显著的正相关关系。在不考虑影响坡面渣体侵蚀其它因素前提下，随降雨量的增大，渣体侵蚀量逐渐加大。（2）研究区堆渣体沟蚀发生严重，局部坡面渣体侵蚀量高达92848t／km^2。调查发现沟深下切深度基本在40cm以内，受坡面汇水面积影响，从坡上到坡脚，堆渣侵蚀量逐渐加大。     

水肥耦合效应对保护地辣椒肥料氮、磷经济利用效率的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了灌水定额、氮肥和磷肥对保护地辣椒肥料氮和肥料磷经济利用效率的影响。研究表明:高量施肥时灌水定额增加能提高氮肥经济利用率,但在低量施肥情况下灌水定额增加却降低氮肥经济利用率。施氮、施磷、水氮交互作用和水磷的交互作用对磷肥经济利用效率的影响显著,其影响大小顺序为施磷>水磷互作>施氮>水氮互作,水磷互作对磷肥经济利率效率为正效应。     

不同桉树在昆明市海口林场的早期生长研究

对昆明市海口林场2012年栽植的5种桉树早期生长性状进行了观测研究。结果发现，5种桉树中，造林成活率较高的有本沁桉、邓恩桉及多利桉，树高和地径表现最优的是多利按。不同种桉树中苗圃地生长表现最优的，上山栽植以后生长表现不一定最优，这与不同生长发育阶段、不同环境条件有着密切关系。     

我国桉树经营的技术问题与思考

桉树经营过程中出现的问题由来已久,这首先与我国社会经济发展水平较低有关,也与企业的经营理念不科学有关,和桉树本身的特性无关;虽然国内报纸、杂志、会议等多种形式对有关桉树经营问题的解释和分析,但对桉树的批评、误解、流言仍然较多,桉树的发展还处在风口浪尖。本文主要通过分析桉树在现实中所起的作用,尝试给桉树定位,以理清桉树的概念,解释桉树目前经营措施的来源;同时,通过分析桉树经营过程中存在的主要问题,特别是在林地清理和整地方面的问题,思考解决办法,协助人们正确认识桉树和桉树经营措施。     

Reforming the European Common Fisheries Policy: a case for capacity and effort controls

I summarize the total allowable catch (TAC) fishery management system, which forms part of the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) as complicated, inaccurate and ineffective. Total allowable effort (TAE), i.e. limits on fishing capacity and days‐at‐sea, provides a simpler, readily enforceable control to protect all species affected by a fishery. Fishing capacity of vessels in each region‐gear fleet could be capped through limits on engine power, gear, crew, and fittings, and/or reducing allowances of days‐at‐sea for large, powerful vessels. Two basic, fishery‐dependent indicators are put forward to assess sustainability of a fishery dependably even in the absence of fishery‐independent data. One is socio‐economic, the other is ecological. Fishery working groups within each marine region would recommend a TAE to sustain their fishery while also protecting the most critically affected species or processes. Regional working groups would supervise a consistent approach across the different fisheries in their region. A pan‐European group would set policy, implement external agreements, set rules for trading TAE if necessary and harmonize fishing opportunities across regions. To ease negotiations on TAEs with the fishing industry when an ecosystem needs to recover, I propose compensation payments funded by re‐direction of existing CFP subsidies that promote fishing.